1. Identify three benefits associated with the use of telecommunications technology.
2. What are the elements in a telecommunication system?
3. Compare and contrast the wireless communication channels.
4. Identify three telecommunications media that physically connect to telecommunication devices.
5. Define and describe three different services offered by telecommunication companies?

1. Cost, time and distance?
2. From a general model of telecommunications, there are 5 elements involved in moving the signal. The communication starts at the origin, a sending person (and computer), then goes through some telecommunications device, say a modem for example. Next the signal is transmitted through a medium, such as copper phone wires, to another telecommunications device, and finally a receiving computer – and hopefully a person too.
3. Microwave, satellite, radio, cellular radio, and infrared:

   Microwave towers transmit signal up to 30 miles – the curvature of Earth interrupts the line of sight at larger distances. Long distance telephone is a typical usage scenario for microwave as it is suited to high volume communications.

   Satellite is replacing microwave as it reduces the 30 mile distance problem. Still using line of sight, but the footprint of a high altitude satellite is huge, overcoming the need for relay stations.

   Radio-wave frequencies transmit over short distances and do not require relaying. Easy to install and inexpensive devices send radio waves through normal office walls, but can create electrical interference problems with other office equipment.

   Cellular radio sounds like a localised low power relay antenna system for mobile telephone users and data communications. Computer processing coordinates the transmissions as mobile users move from one area to another.

   Infrared light, not visible to the human eye, can be modulated or pulsed for conveying information. Your TV remote control uses IR and possibly peripherals communicating with your computer also utilise it.

4. Coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, and fiber-optic cable are three media which physically connect telecommunication devices.
5. Services offered by telecommunications companies include:
   1. Switched lines are telephone lines provided by common carriers that people can access from their computers to transmit data to another computer. The transmission is routed or switched through paths to its destination.
   2. Integrated Services Digital Network [ISDN] is a high speed data transmission technology transferring voice, video, image and data simultaneously. ISDN uses existing telephone lines, and forms a popular upgrade for firms whose requirements exceed standard telephone capacity.
   3. Digital Subscriber Line [DSL] provides high speed digital data transmission from homes and businesses over existing telephone lines. A popular alternative to ISDN, and modems are necessary with DSL technology.

1. Define the term Database Management System.
2. Aware of the different components of a Database Management System.
3. Recognise the difference between logical and physical views of database data.
4. Define three database models and outline their basic features.

1. A database management system (DBMS) is a program that provides access to all data in the database. It sits between all the programs and the stored data. A DBMS manages security and user access, maintains the integrity of stored data, and recovers information when the system fails. A range of tools provide users with the ability to perform functions such as maintain data, search, sort, display and print.
2. Four components of a DBMS are:

   Data Model

   The data model defines the way data are conceptually structured. Examples include the hierarchical, network & relational models.

   Data Definition Language (DDL)

   A set of statements defining what types of information are in the database and how they will be structured, is known as the DDL. It acts as a link between between the logical and the physical views of the database. A DBMS user defines schemas and sub-schemas with the DDL. The schema is the logical description of the entire database and the listing of the data items and the relationships among them. A sub-schema is the specific set of data required by an application / user group.

   Data Manipulation Language (DML)

   To query the contents of the database, the DML is used. It allows users to retrieve, sort, display and delete the contents of a database.

   Data Dictionary

   Besides listing the standard data name and aliases for the element, the dictionary lists the names that reference this element in specific systems and identifies the individuals, business functions, applications, and reports that use the data element. Data dictionaries are advantageous for organisations in several ways including reduced data inconsistency, faster program development, and easier data modification.

3. Users from all functional areas should assist in creating the logical design to ensure that their needs are identified and addressed. The logical design shows an abstract model of the data structures and arrangements to meet an organisations information needs. Identifying relationships among different data and grouping them is an integral part of developing the logical design.

   Starting from the logical design, the physical design adds fine tuning for performance and cost considerations. For example, improved response time, reduced storage space, lower operating costs, etcetera.

4. The structure of the relationships in most databases follow one of three models:
   1. Hierarchical – Early mainframe DBMS packages used a treelike structure. From the single root element, one can follow the branches of one-to-many relationships to reach the desired data element.
   2. Network – This model allows many-to-many relationships. Unlike the hierarchical model, the network model can access a data element by following one of several paths.
   3. Relational – Data elements are stored in simple tables, each record having a unique primary key. Inclusion of a foreign table’s primary key, a foreign key, can bind the relation.
      

   A data model is a diagram of the data entities and their relationships. Data modelling usually involves understanding specific business problems and analysing the data and information to deliver a solution. With Entity-Relationship (ER) diagrams, individuals building a database have a blueprint to ensure relationships among data entities are correctly structured. ER diagrams also ensure that application programs are developed consistent with business operations and user needs.

1. Define the term database.
2. What is an attribute? How is it related to an entity?
3. What is data redundancy? Why is it a problem?
4. How would you describe the traditional approach to data management? How does it differ from the data base approach?

1. An organised storage of logically related records could describe a database. This integrated collection of data is independent of application programs using the data.
2. A data field represents an attribute [a characteristic or quality] of some entity [object, person, place, etc]. For example, an employee’s salary is an attribute that is a typical data field used to describe an entity who is an employee of a business. Thus an attribute is an identifiable part of the whole, that is the record.
3. In a traditional approach to data management, data redundancy is among many of the problems. For example, a school will have student data in an enrolment fees file, in a class roll file, and a grades assessment file; all independently reproducing the same data. This repeated information is both a waste of storage space; and leads to inconsistent data, with no way of knowing which is correct.
4. The traditional approach is not integrated. Every department of information has its own independent file, which often duplicates some of the data stored in other departments. The database approach integrates and rationalises the data into a centralised storage system. Data redundancy, data isolation (difficulty accessing data from different applications) and data inconsistency are minimised in a database approach. Additionally, data updates are easier because the data is stored in one accessible location. The drawbacks of a database management system (DBMS) include the cost of purchase and operation environment as well as any specialist staff required. If security is breached, more data is accessible to a trespasser. Also a failure in the DBMS will affect all application programs depending on it.

1. How would you distinguish data and information? Information and Knowledge?
2. Identify at least 6 characteristics of valuable information.
3. What is a computer-based information system? What are its components?

Data are the raw facts. For example the grocery store manager’s list of every item sold today. Alone it is rather useless, trivial in fact. Comparing the actual total sales with the planned sales, gives added value and meaning, becoming information. Knowledge is an awareness and understanding of a set of information, and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision. (Stair and Reynolds, 2003)

Accuracy, completeness, economical, simplicity, timeliness, and flexibility are just 6 characteristics of valuable information.

An information system is a set of interrelated elements or components that collect [input], manipulate [process], and disseminate [output] data and information, and provide feedback mechanisms to meet an objective. (Stair and Reynolds, 2003) Thus a computer-based information system (CBIS) is one that inputs, processes, and outputs information using computer technologies. Components of a CBIS fall into groups of hardware, software, telecommunications, databases, people and procedures.

Stair, R.M., & Reynolds, G.W., (2003). Fundamentals of Information Systems, 2nd Edition.Thomson Learning.

1. What is the Organisation?
2. What are the Functional Areas?
3. What are the Business Processes in 1 of the functional areas?

http://www.whitehorse.vic.gov.au/Page/page.asp?Page_Id=1222&h=0 takes us to the City of Whitehorse. There are 4 main functional areas: Corporate Services, City Development, Human Services, and Infrastructure. Business Processes within the Human Services area are: Community Development, Home & Community Care, Health & Family Services, and Arts & Recreation Development.

As an illustration of the information you give away when you are browsing online, go to one of the following websites:

• http://network-tools.com/analyze/
• http://centralops.net/asp/co/BrowserMirror.vbs.asp

This is just a sampling of the large amount of information that can be collected from you. This information can be used in many ways.

For marketing purposes, information such as: browser type; what sites you have visited and your favourites links (which can yield information on your browsing habits); what type of sites you visit (which can indicate what hobbies you have, and where you work – including what field); what type of computer you are using etcetera; can all then be used to target ads to you.

However, someone can use this information for a more malicious intent. If someone can get information on what browser you are using, and what operating system, they can see what security vulnerabilities you are susceptible to and can ‘attack’ your machine using this information – this is merely one example (and there are countless other ways) the information you give away can be maliciously used.

Perhaps it is a good thing that the next release of Firefox will have a porn mode. Check out the current security features if you’re bored. Oh, and by the way, if you are still using Internet Explorer, in all likeliness, you’ve been attacked and just don’t realise it. Take a read of the post by Brian Krebs from January 4, 2007 titled Internet Explorer Unsafe for 284 Days in 2006.

Firefox users who can’t wait for 3.1 (it’s available in Beta at this time), or you need another surf of those porn sites, then perhaps get some privacy and security add-ons in the meantime. They might slow down the onslaught of Viagra, penis enlargement and breast implants spam arriving in your inbox.

In one of my new units of study, NET26 Cyberanalytics, we’ve just finished a survey design. This next task is to report on website traffic statistics. The following is my effort at a simple exercise to create pretty pictures from the raw log data.

Since every man and his dog can publish anything on websites, we may question the accuracy of that content. Following the net.Tutor tutorial on Evaluating Web Sites, there are 6 points to consider in order to infer a reliable source.

1. Purpose

Is it an advocacy, commercial, or reference site?

2. Author

Check that both the author and publisher have credibility on the topic. See the net.TUTOR: Using Online Resources to Check Authority or perhaps try the following Firefox add-on.

Who Is This Person? by Ted Rheingold
Highlight any name on a web page and see matching information from Wink, LinkedIn, Wikipedia, Facebook, Google News, Technorati, Yahoo Person Search, Spock, WikiYou, ZoomInfo, IMDB, MySpace and more…

3. Content Bias / Balance

In order to understand the need for this check, I’ll re-iterate the quote here.

Most of us have biases, and we can easily fool ourselves if we don’t make a conscious effort to keep our minds open to new information. Psychologists have shown over and over again that humans naturally tend to accept any information that supports what they already believe, even if the information isn’t very reliable. And humans also naturally tend to reject information that conflicts with those beliefs, even if the information is solid. These predilections are powerful. Unless we make an active effort to listen to all sides we can become trapped into believing something that isn’t so, and won’t even know it.
A Process for Avoiding Deception, FactCheckED.org

Good website sources on controversial topics should present a balance of both pro and con viewpoints, together with arguments supported and documented.

4. Coverage

To cross-check similar sites, try the Google related search, for example related:meyerweb.com

5. Timeliness

For researching time-sensitive topics, consider the age of, and how up-to-date any sources are.

6. Recognition

Just like the related search, Google provides a link search to find other sites linking to the source in question. For instance, link:meyerweb.com. Public bookmarking sites, such as del.icio.us, can indicate popularity with related tags. Technorati authority defines the number of blogs linking to a website in the last six months. For very new articles there may not yet be any citations, but try Google Scholar. These are just some measures of recognising that the source site provides useful information.

So now we know several ways to investigate and judge whether a website is an informative and worthwhile source. Let’s do it!

Evaluation of a source slightly relevant to the NET11 unit

• URL http://meyerweb.com/eric/articles/webrev/200001.html “Print Different”
• Author Eric A. Meyer
• This blog posting is a tutorial on implementing a CSS design for the print medium. The information presented is most helpful for web designers. The site is largely authored by an individual, an advocate for promoting the use of CSS standards. I doubt that an opposing viewpoint exists, but no alternatives to CSS are mentioned in this article.

  As the author of several books on the topic, naturally he does have a vested interest in selling them. However the article above was taken from his personal site, not the separate commercial one. He is an internationally recognized expert on the subjects of HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). … Eric coordinated the authoring and creation of the W3C’s CSS Test Suite and has recently been acting as List Chaperone of the highly active css-discuss mailing list. Certainly a reputable author and publisher on the subject.

  The article is somewhat biased and barely mentions the cons. The pro arguments are detailed, but as it is a tutorial rather than a controversial topic, it is supported by many examples. In terms of coverage, there are, according to the Google related:meyerweb.com search, less than 30 other websites similar to meyerweb.com, some of which Eric plays a role in!

  Back in January 2000, the material was originally written as a professional article on http://www.webreview.com. No information has been added recently, the content may be up-to-date but the external links no longer connect – probably due to the original site’s archiving scope. Hence, as stated, one of the reasons Eric has archived these articles himself. He does promise a return to the subject once browsers increase support for more media and specific styles.

  As for recognition, delicious reveals 18 public bookmarks of the site, Google found about 2,170 sites linking to meyerweb.com, and Technorati uncovered 3,225 blog reactions.

  As one might expect in a tutorial article, it was written with a biased viewpoint. Overall though, the distinguished author has produced an excellent tutorial, supported by examples and current best practices, with ample coverage of the topic for my needs.

Finally, for my own future use, the full evaluation is overkill. The quick skim of a basic annotation will suffice to jog my memory. For external users however, an analytical evaluation is superior as it includes thorough author and content cross-checking.

First, choose the best three sources found in the previous task.
Using whatever software or tool you think appropriate, record the following information about those sites:

• URL
• author
• institution
• blurb/ summary / screen shot (this can be a direct copy of an appropriate abstract or introductory paragraph on the site: but make sure you record and reference it as such)

Again, using any useful software you have downloaded, or utilising your existing software, record this information on your computer in the way that you think will be most useful to you in terms of preparing for your third assignment (that is, in terms of how easy you will find it to access, retrieve, understand, contextualise and recall why you saved it – and with what!).

* LOG ENTRY:
Record this information in your learning log, and also detail how you saved this information, what software you used and why. (Allen, n.d.)

The previous task was a search of our choosing. Mine was a query for “winter dreaming” film screening and the best 3 sources are as follows:

1. • http://www.eucalyptproductions.com/winterdreaming
   • Stephen Curtain
   • Eucalypt Productions
   • 
     Screenshot from
     http://eucalyptproductions.com/winterdreaming

     This page is self-promoting the debut of Winter Dreaming, a film by Stephen Curtain. It includes a preview, a film synopsis, cast and crew summary, and a list of screening dates and venues for 2008. Also listed are target audiences and several potential purposes for usage of the film as an educational resource. The author, cameraman, and producer has a swag of credentials including various photographic and editorial jobs for the BBC, ABC, Australian Geographic, The Age, Wild and Rock magazines. He has works in the fragile environs of Antarctica and around the world, and as an environmental – outdoor education teacher.
     http://www.connotea.org/article/e54e62c1196ecacfae6e518224af6d8a

2. • http://www.fallscreek.com.au/telemarkfestivalgreatsuccess
   • unidentified author
   • Falls Creek Resort Management
   • 
     Screenshot from
     fallscreek.com.au/telemarkfestivalgreatsuccess

     This commercial website caters to Australian snow enthusiasts. Telemark is the form of free-heel skiing promoted annually at the festival. This report from the latest news on the mountain, has no author listed, but photo credits go to festival organiser, Justin Hams. The article starts with a sales motive, then an overview of a successful festival, mentions the interest in the screening of Winter Dreaming (which was over 3 years in the making) before moving on to details of the racing results.
     http://www.connotea.org/article/0cf6e4e2bce4ea7478e9e821943ce3ed

3. • http://www.mountbawbaw.com.au/index.php?option=com_events&task=view_detail&agid=37&Itemid=19
   • unidentified author
   • Mt Baw Baw
   • 
     Screenshot from
     mountbawbaw.com.au

     This is a dedicated calendar event page for the Winter Dreaming screening. Full details of the event time, location and admission are specified, along with a contact email address for further information. Both this and the Falls Creek website are supporting the Keep Winter Cool initiative and both have an environment page. Although it is also a commercial snow resort, Mt Baw Baw’s website includes a Green Visitor page and more than a cursory splash on it’s environmental information. That being said, both the resort web pages fail to make the connection between the film screening advertisement and the initiative they are all supporting.
     http://www.connotea.org/article/0c7ab70ac4a9bf7c0003687beb1dc437

I like CiteULike but my search query isn’t exactly an academic paper. That’s why I used Connotea instead to store all these annotations. It can easily grab the HTML title based on the input URL. Connotea is simple and straightforward, even if the interface could be updated to web 2.0 standard.

• Engines
• Boolean searching
• Organising search information

Engines

Google, (in the western world at least), is such a common search engine, the very name has become an accepted slang verb! So let’s google with a query of my choosing:

[Image of] The top 5 results from googling winter dreaming screening

There were about 7,010,000 results. No surprise there as general web indexes are huge. Maintained by robot programs, web indexes amazingly contain all words from their indexed pages. (net.TUTOR, 2007) What is more, Google defaults to proximity searching by default, including results with near matches.

Jackpot! The first, http://eucalyptproductions.com/winterdreaming, was exactly the result I was looking for.

Using Copernic Agent Basic yielded only 51 results, that’s much better than millions.

[Image of] The top 5 results from a Copernic Agent Basic search for winter dreaming screening

All at once, Copernic searches employ several engines, such as Yahoo!, Lycos, AltaVista, Ask.com, and Netscape Netcenter. The relevance ranking includes criteria like identical results appearing from several engines. Our intended destination ranked 3rd along with a relevant related site coming in at first place.

There aren’t many differences in results for this particular search query. Both Google and Copernic will bold format the search term words within the results set. However, only Google also bold formatted related word forms. One of my search terms was dreaming and Google also displayed the word dream in bold format. This knowledge is useful in selecting your search tool, depending on whether you want related words included in your search.

Unfortunately the analyse feature is not available in the Basic version of the Copernic program. Some of the other Copernic features, summarising and grouping for example, look useful for serious searching.

GooglePreview is a wonderful insight, especially as a quick reminder when searching sites you’ve visited previously. GoogleEnhancer also assists with numbering and highlighting.

If you’re still stuck on how to choose the best search tool for any given search task, check out http://liblearn.osu.edu/tutor/les5/pg1.html which explains the 3 different types and cases for each. (The Ohio State University Libraries, 2007)

Boolean searching

Stupid people laboriously trawl through pages and pages of result sets looking for a gem website – sadly, yes, I’ve actually witnessed this. Lazy people give up if their desired search result isn’t listed in the top 10. Smart people refine their search terms. Taking the same key words from my last search query, winter dreaming screening, how would I best search for the following:

1. the biggest number of hits relating to these key words
2. information most relevant to what you ACTUALLY wanted to look for!
3. information coming only from university sources

To obtain the largest result set, a Boolean OR search would be the way to go! With Google one can enter winter OR dreaming OR screening to attain some 556,000,000 results. For broad topic search, this would be ideal.

For a narrow or specific search, a Boolean AND search query is required. We don’t usually need to insert AND between our search terms. Most search engines interpret a space between words in this way. Naturally our results may include other words between our search terms. For example, Winter 2004: California Dreaming… currently screening… appears at the highest rank. To improve on that, I want to search for a “winter dreaming” film screening. By using quotation marks I have enclosed the phrase, effectively searching for results with no other words between them. By adding a fourth term film to the query, the results are down to only 42 with our desired result appearing first. A fifth term freeheel is enough to narrow the results to just 4, all of them being about what I actually wanted to look for. (Marco Folio’s 10 tips for optimized Google search phrases is also full of good ideas for effective searching including wildcards, numeric ranges, and document filetypes)

For information from only university sources a good start would be to restrict your search to the .edu domain. To achieve this, add the site:.edu term to the end of your query. This won’t work for all countries however. Canadian universities often have just .ca, such as the University of British Columbia at www.ubc.ca. You could always try Google Scholar at http://scholar.google.com.au but if all else fails go to the advanced version. (Google, n.d.)

Summary of the key concepts: choose the right tool and search effectively

Organising search information

Attempt #1 at understanding this task

After completing my Conceptual Research and Reflection Project earlier, I shall, in hindsight, detail tools / methods I used for organising my information.

• Bookmarks are arranged in 4 subfolders of my NET11 folder, one for each concept.
• These are synchronised (via Foxmarks) and thus never lost. I can access them from any online Windows computer, with Portable Firefox if necessary, should this computer be unavailable.
• The bookmarks are all tagged (with help from HandyTag) to assist easy retrieval. The minimum tags used for each website were: NET11; and the concepts titles, namely Asynchronicity, Netiquette, Automation, and ‘Chat’ for The impact of text-based real-time chat.
• In a similar fashion, electronic resources were also filed into 4 sub-directories within my computer’s hard disk filing system. I’m relying on my brain to recall this redundancy arrangement.

The Firefox Library alone does a brilliant job of looking after bookmarks.

Attempt #2 at understanding this task

For citations, I’ve been using a few great tools. First, I rely on the wonderful and easy to use CiteMachine to generate standard bibliographic and in-text citations. Second, to automate the citation process as much as possible, I’ve recently been trying out Zotero which works alone on your computer.

In addition, for online reference management, I’m experimenting with CiteULike which is designed for scholarly papers, thanks Janette Treanor for pointing out this one; and thanks to Fiona Stace’s thread post, Connotea. Given the nature of the medium and the subject content, why anyone would record this information on their own computer beats me. Are we rocketeering towards cloud computing? (What is cloud computing? – on YouTube)

Finally, now it should be easy enough for me to access, retrieve, understand, contextualise and recall why I saved these resources any time in the foreseeable future. In my next post, annotations of the best 3 results sourced from my search query “winter dreaming” film screening. For evaluating sources of information, check out a later post.

References

The Ohio State University Libraries, (2007, September 19). Web Search Tools.

Retrieved August 22, 2008, from net.TUTOR website: http://liblearn.osu.edu/tutor/les5/

Cohen, L (2008, January). Boolean Searching on the Internet.

Retrieved August 22, 2008, from Internet Tutorials website: http://www.internettutorials.net/boolean.html

Google, (n.d.). Google Scholar Help.

Retrieved August 22, 2008, from Google Scholar website: http://scholar.google.com.au/intl/en/scholar/help.html